Media+Governance+&+Policy

=Media Governance & Policy=



1700s
1733 [|Peter Singer] trial establishes “truth” as a defense against libel charges 1789 [|First Amendment to Constitution grants freedom of press] 1791 [|First US copyright law] enacted 1798-1800 [|Alien and Sedition Acts] temporarily try to limit press criticism of government

1800s
1865 [|International Telecommunication Union] formed to set telegraph standards 1896- [|Maryland's General Assembly] enacted the nation's first shield law, protecting journalists under certain circumstances from having to reveal their sources.

1900s
1915 Mutual Film Corp. v. Ohio Industrial Commission 1927 [|Federal Radio Commission] created to allocate radio frequencies 1928- May 25, 1928 the Supreme Court Upheld the application of the Public Nuisance Law against The Saturday Press in the [|Near vs. Minnesota]case. 1934 [|Federal Communications Commission] created 1944 first instance of television censorship – NBC turns off a song that has ‘questionable lyrics’ 1947 [|“Hollywood 10”] are cited for [|contempt of Congress] for refusing to give testimony to the [|House Committee on Un-American Activities] and are subsequently denied employment based on their alleged membership in or sympathy toward the [|American Communist Party] 1947 [|Hutchins Commission] report urges social responsibility for media 1949 The Fairness Doctrine is introduced. 1954 US Senate hearings on the effects of television violence on [|juvenile delinquency] 1961 Second round of Senate hearings on television violence 1964 [|Hustler Magazine vs. Falwell.] The Supreme Court protected the media's use of Free Speech by prohibiting public figures receiving compensation for emotional damages intentionally inflicted upon them. 1966 [|Cable] banned from large cities 1967 [|Public Broadcasting Act] 1968 [|MPAA movie ratings] introduced 1972 [|Surgeon General's] report on television and social behavior released Urban cable ban lifted, FCC requires cable companies to provide local access 1978 [|National Telecommunications and Information Administration] established 1986 [|Electronic Communications Privacy Act] extended government surveillance of information from telephone calls to include transmissions of electronic data by computer 1987 The Fairness Doctrine is repealed 1990 [|Milkovich vs. Lorain Journal.] The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment does not automatically shield expressions of opinion from being found libelous. 

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 1. 11990 [|Children's Television Act] mandates broadcast television programming specifically designed for children =====

1996 [|Telecommunications Act] passes, relaxes broadcast ownership rules, deregulates cable television, mandates television content ratings [|Communications Decency Act] passed (later repealed by Supreme Court for First Amendment violation) 1997 [|Parental advisories] instituted for television programs 1998 [|Digital Millennium Copyright Term Extension Act] enacted 1998 [|Children's Online Privacy Protection Act] passed (later repealed by 1998 Supreme Court for First Amendment violation)

2000s
2000 [|The Children's Internet Protection Act] passes limiting exposure to 2000 pornography and other explicit online content 2000 [|Microsoft found guilty of antitrust violations] 2003 [|FCC Institutes relaxed media ownership rules] 2003 [|CAN-SPAM (][|Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing)][|Act] sets US standards for the sending of commercial [|e-mail] 2006 The Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 became law. 2008 Telephone numbers placed on the National Do Not Call Registry will remain on it permanently due to the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007, which became law in February 2008