Advertising+&+Public+Relations

= **Advertising and Public Relations** =

Early Advertising
3000 B.C - The first advertising is seen when the [|Romans] post announcements on city walls 1800 B.C. – Farm bulletin instructing farmers how to plant crops in Sumeria is earliest example of educational material. 50 B.C. – “Vox populi, vox dei,” which means “the voice of the people is the voice of God,” coined by the Romans in a very early example of public relations. 1468 AD- [|William Caxton] produced a book with the first printed advertisement. 1585 – Thomas Harriot publishes A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia to gain public support for Sir Walter Raleigh’s expedition to Roanoke in present-day Virginia. Thomas Harriot (c.1580s) 1609 - Even in its earliest years of settlement, America was “Open for business,” where commerce flourished.

1623 – College for Propagating the Faith is created by Pope Gregory XV to keep followers and attract new ones for the Catholic Church. This is believed to be the origin of the term, “Propaganda.”

Pope Gregory XV (c. 1620s)  1625- [|First newsbooks with ads]

1641 - In the United States, Harvard begins the first fundraising effort.

1650s – Global expansion brings new and popular commodities from other countries

Coffee Advertisement (c.1657)

 1704- The first newspaper advertisment was published in the [|Boston News-Letter]. It was an announcement seeking a buyer for an Oyster Bay, Long Island estate. 1735 Ben Franklin sells space ad space in Pennsylvania Gazette Picture of Ben Franklin

Ben Franklins Join or Die Ad

1773 [|Boston Tea Party] 1784-[|The Pennsylvania Packet & Daily Advertiser], America's first successful daily newspaper, starts in Philadelphia. 1787-1788 – Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison write the Federalist Papers to gain public support for ratifying the Constitution of the United States.

Collection of the Federalist Papers (c.1787)

1800s
1842, [|Volney B. Palmer] of Philadelphia, Pa created the first “Space Broker” Ad Agency. 1833- Andrew Jackson hires [|Amos Kendall], first presidential press secretary.

1836 - New York Herald publisher James Gordon Bennett increases cost of advertisements to lower cost of newspapers, a practice that occurs today. James Gordon Bennett <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> 1841- [|Palmer]begins first ad agency

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1842 – P.T. Barnum exhibits his “Fiji Mermaid” using many fantastical advertisements to attract an audience. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">﻿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Advertisement for “Fiji Mermaid” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

1850’s- National advertising begins in the U.S after the civil war.

1856- [|Robert Bonner] is the first to run a full-page ad in a paper, advertising his own literary, The New York Ledger. May 29, 1886, the first [|Coca-Cola ad]appeared in the Atlanta Journal

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">P.T. Barnum (c. 1850s)

1869, F. Wayland Ayer begins became the service Ad Agency 1874- [|John Wanamaker] printed the first copyrighted store advertisement. 1872- [|Montgomery Ward] begins mail order business by issuing their first catalog. 1878- J. Walter Thomas bought Carlton & Smith, an advertising broker that sold ads in religious journals, and expanded the company and began placing ads in women's magazines. He also began to create advertisements and aid to clients that wanted to develop trademarks and package designs. 1880- John Wanamaker hires [|John E. Powers] to advertise for his department store. John E. Powers is known as the "father of honest advertising".

1880 Brands appear 1882- Procter and Gamble Co. began advertising for [|Ivory Soap].

1883 Andrew Jackson hires [|Amos Kendall] first presidential press secretary Picture of Andrew Jackson 1888- [|George P. Rowell] founded Printer's Ink.

1889- [|Westinghouse] establishes first corporate public relations department

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Westinghouse logo



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1891 – In the new era of slogans, Kodak introduces the slogan, “You press the button, we do the rest.”

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Kodak ad (c. 1891) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

1891-[|OAAA] is founded. 1893 Frank Munsey drops the price of Munsey's Magazine to 10¢ and the cost of subscriptions to $1, marking the first attempt at keeping a magazine afloat by advertising revenue rather than newsstand sales. Picture of Frank Munsey Munsey's Magazine 1896- [|William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley]launch first national political campaigns

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Famous political cartoon from the election of 1896 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 0px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; overflow: hidden;">

1900s
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1900 - N.W. Ayer and J. Walter Thompson send advertisements to Latin America, in some of the first global advertisements.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Ad from the agency of J. Walter Thompson (c. 1900)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> 1903 Ivy Leadbetter Lee wrote the "Declaration of Principles" for openness and honesty in dealing with the public. 1903- [|Rollin C. Ayres] became the first president of the San Francisco Advertising club. 1906- [|The Publicity Bureau], first publicity company 1906 W.K. Kellogg places his first ads for Corn Flakes in six midwestern newspapers. By 1915, he is spending $1 million on national advertising. First Kellogg's Ad <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1911 Woodbury Soap breaks its "The skin you love to touch" campaign in the Ladies' Home Journal, marking the first time sex appeal is used in advertising.

1914, [|Federal Trade Commission]

1915- [|Cadillac’s Penalty of Leadership]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1916- Creel Committee created to keep American public happy with World War I and financially aid the Red Cross.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">One of the most famous images in American history (c. 1910s) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1917- President Wilson establishes [|Committee on Public Information]

1919- [|Bruce Barton], Roy Durstine, and Alex Osborn founded the Barton, Durstine, & Osborn agency, which became one of the leading advertising agencies in the world. 1919- [|Russell T. Gray] founded the Engineering Advertiser's Association. 1922 [|first radio commercial] 1923 1923[| T][|he Hollywood sign]was built above town for $21,000 1923 [|first regular broadcast] sponsored series <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1923 Edward Bernays writes Crystallizing Public Opinion (and coins the term Public Relations)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Video of an interview with Edward Bernays <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">media type="youtube" key="V0OrT-8gXMs?fs=1" height="385" width="480" <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1923-[|Raymond Rubicam] and James Orr Young founded Young and Rubicam. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1923 //The Eveready Hour//, first regularly scheduled broadcast sponsored series <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Eveready Hour// Cast <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1927- Ludel Sauvageot is the first women graduate of the journalism program from [|Ohio University]

1929-[| Torches of Liberty]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1929 – “Light’s Golden Jubilee,” created by Henry Ford, celebrates the 50th anniversary of the light bulb with festivities and prominent guests in one of the largest public relations events of the era.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Invitation to “Light’s Golden Jubilee” (c.1929) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

1930s Great Depression - Franklin D. Roosevelt uses Fireside Chats to sway public opinion and introduce New Deal to American public.

Fireside Chat photo of Franklin D. Roosevelt

1932- Edward L.Bernays wrote “Criticizing Public Opinion”

Edward L. Bernays

1933- [|Raymond O. Mithun] founded Campbell-Mithun.

1936 [|Consumers union]established 1938- [|Foreign Agents Registration Act]

1938- [|Wheeler – Lea Act]

1940- [|Ted Bates] founded Bates Worldwide. 1941 War [|advertising council]founded 1942- [|Neil H. Borden] published the " The Economic Effects of Advertising". 1942 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The War Advertising Council is organized to help prepare voluntary advertising campaigns for wartime efforts. The council garners $350 million in free public service messages. After the war it is renamed the [|Advertising Council]. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1948 The [|Public Relations Society of America]is founded. 1945 1st time beer com"[|nd's Narragansett] Beer sponsored the first telecasts

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">World War II Lucky Strike cigarette ad (c.1945) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 0px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; overflow: hidden;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1945 – In a very sensitive and carefully planned press release, the United States government tells citizens that an atomic bomb has been dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

1946 [|Federal regulation of Lobbying Act] 1947- Public Relations Society of America (PRSA):[| The Hucksters] 1948 [|Television] to the public <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1950 First [|Coca Cola]ad appeared on TV <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1954 CBS becomes the largest advertising medium in the world.

1954- [|PRSA Code of Ethics]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1954 McDonald's [|Golden Arches]were designed. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1955 The [|Marlboro Man]campaign debuts.

1957 Packard’s the hidden persuaders Picture of the book

1959- [|Quiz show scandal]

1962- [|PRSA accreditation program]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1964 After the U.S. surgeon general determines that smoking is "hazardous to your health," The New Yorker and other magazines [|ban cigarette ads]. 1964- first color television ad for The Coca-Cola Company called “ [|Refrigerator-Man] ” 1969- Advertising Age named [|Mary Wells Lawrence] one of the top 10 newsmakers of the 1960s. 1971 National advertising review board established: TV cigarette [|commercial ban] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1972 [|Cigarette advertising]banned from TV 1976 The Supreme Court grants [|advertising First Amendment]protection. 1977- Nike introduces [|“There is no finish line”]campaign.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1980 [|MADD] started

1982- Campaign by [|Johnson & Johnson] public relations firm saved the brand and restored trust in the product

1988- Nike Launches [|“Just Do it”] campaign. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1989 – Exxon Valdez oil tanker runs aground causing one of the largest oil spills in U.S. history, creating a public relations nightmare for the Exxon Corporation.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Coca-Cola ads from abroad (c. 1990’s) 1993- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[|"Northern Lights,"] introduced what would become one of the most popular symbols of Coca-Cola advertising: the animated polar bear 1996 [|Odwalla Crisis]

1997-[| Joe Camel banned]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1999 – Anheuser-Busch launches a campaign against drunk driving. This was a unique move for a company that sells alcohol.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">One of Anheuser-Busch’s recent drunk driving ads (c.2009) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2000s
2001- Apple Computers publicly announces the iPod campaign.

First Generation ipod



<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2003[| Operation Iraqi Freedom] 2004 [|Adbuste]r unbrand America 2005 MI4 imitated chaos scenario 2005- [|VNR controversy]

2008 Internet ad spending exceeds radio's